In 2025, President Prabowo Subianto announced Indonesia’s ambitious commitment for all its electricity to be generated by renewable energy within 10 years. Complicating this, however, is the country’s captive coal power plants – dedicated off-grid stations that produce energy for an industrial facility. As captive coal plants are entirely off-grid and privately run, they do not feature in public power planning frameworks such as Indonesia’s Electricity Supply Business Plan (RUPTL). It adds that captive coal capacity would exceed 32 GW in Indonesia within seven years, surpassing the total coal capacity of Southeast Asia’s second-largest coal generator, Vietnam (27.2 GW in 2024). Dwi Cahya Agung Saputra, electricity systems and renewable energy manager at the Institute for Essential Services Reform (IESR), a Jakarta-based energy think-tank, said there is no single solution for shifting to renewable energy.