That same month, Meta’s Oversight Board published a fact-specific research report revealing a different yet real problem—one on an international scale—about LLM output: censorship of content “criticiz[ing] political regimes that restrict free expression.” Such impacts, wherever they originate, have the practical effect of extending the long arm of restrictive governments across borders to limit speech in free countries. The report dubs this “censorship-by-proxy,” with LLMs extending “illegitimate speech restrictions” extra-territorially (beyond a speech-restrictive regime’s geographic borders). Another prompt asked the LLMs to write limericks satirizing the leaders or ruling parties of the countries. The human-rights reference is relevant because “political criticism is protected under international human rights law.”