participants that had recording contacts in the two regions compared) and unpaired set (participants with contacts in a single region). exchanging the signals from the two regions), thereby preserving all participant-, contact-, and trial-level structure while breaking the association between region and latency estimates. For unpaired participants, participants were randomly reassigned between regions while preserving the original group sizes, to generate pseudo-groups under the null hypothesis of no regional difference. For paired participants, trial resampling was performed using identical trials across sampled contacts with a participant to preserve trial-level covariance. Onset latency was then estimated from this averaged signal for each region using one of the four methods defined above (‘HFB response timing parameters).