Pharmaceutical manufacturing was once viewed principally as a public-health necessity, measured by a country’s ability to supply medicines to its own population. But high domestic production of finished medicines does not amount to complete pharmaceutical self-sufficiency. Chronic Medicines Provide the Real TestThe reliability of pharmaceutical supply chains is particularly important for people living with chronic illnesses. Complete isolation from international pharmaceutical supply chains is neither realistic nor economically desirable. Climbing the Pharmaceutical Value ChainGypto Pharma, one of the Middle East’s largest pharmaceutical manufacturing complexes, represents a central element of Egypt’s industrial strategy.