Holding that crowd management at religious places cannot be reduced to traffic regulation, the Allahabad High Court has called for the institutionalisation of crowd behaviour as a scientific discipline, recommending dedicated university courses, a Centre of Excellence for Crowd Science and mandatory engagement of crowd behaviour experts for major public gatherings. "The recurring tragedies witnessed at pilgrimage sites... are not merely the product of administrative failure or infrastructural inadequacy but... reflect a profound and institutionalized ignorance of the science of crowd behaviour," court observed. The court observed that deploying more police personnel, erecting barricades and issuing standard operating procedures without understanding crowd science would not prevent future disasters. Instead, authorities must move "from reactive crowd control to proactive crowd behaviour research". Calling the absence of structured crowd science education a "governance failure", the court recommended that Uttar Pradesh universities introduce dedicated courses on crowd behaviour, psychology, disaster management and crowd flow modelling.