“93 per cent of the samples exceeded the toxicity threshold for arsenic, 88 per cent for chromium, 81 per cent for vanadium and 17 per cent for nickel. The analysis recorded average concentrations of iron at 44,759 mg/kg, chromium 120 mg/kg, vanadium 114 mg/kg, zinc 89 mg/kg, nickel 44 mg/kg, copper 33 mg/kg, lead 23 mg/kg, cobalt 19 mg/kg and arsenic 11 mg/kg. In contrast, basalt-derived soils contained higher concentrations of beneficial micronutrients but also exhibited elevated levels of toxic elements. An integrated Toxic Risk Index showed that only about five per cent of the sampled sites posed no toxic risk. Chromium exposure has been associated with neurological disorders and cancer, while excessive nickel can trigger allergies, respiratory illnesses and cardiovascular disease.