Christopher Nolan has laid out what he believes to be a "fundamental flaw" with amateur film criticism. "I think that, when you're talking about storytelling, you're always in conversation with the expectations of the audience," Nolan said. "So it really is an energy that's brought from the audience, as well as an energy that's put forward from the story itself. That's a fundamental flaw of film criticism in a way, or storytelling criticism, because to be able to identify the mechanism does not invalidate the mechanism. "When I was talking about film criticism, I was talking more about amateur film criticism than professional film criticism because professional film criticism tends to understand the necessity for the mechanisms.