Mainly, we still do not know how these systems work, though we built them, or how to use them well for learning. They point to performance and learning moving in opposite directions (Yan et al., 2025), unnoticed—as the contested handwriting-versus-typing research suggests (Van der Weel & Van der Meer, 2024; Pinet & Longcamp, 2025). Medical education has a vocabulary for this—deskilling, mis-skilling, never-skilling (Abdulnour et al., 2025)—the third matters most: not losing a capacity but never building it. With incorrect AI readings, accuracy among radiologists of fifteen years' experience fell from 82% to 45.5% (Dratsch et al., 2023); expertise is no protection against automation bias. Gait-training robots after stroke supplement therapy rather than replace it (Mehrholz et al., 2025); if the machine carries the load, the muscle does not get strong.