Early Islamic conquests were accompanied by massacres, forced conversions, and the destruction or conversion of churches and temples. A. Guillaume (Oxford University Press, 1955); Sahih al-Bukhari; and Sahih Muslim. Estimates of deaths associated with the medieval Islamic conquests remain disputed because of fragmentary demographic evidence. For medieval India, see K. S. Lal, Growth of Muslim Population in Medieval India (Research Publications, 1973); Richard M. Eaton, Temple Desecration and Muslim States in Medieval India (Oxford University Press, 2004); Peter Jackson, The Delhi Sultanate (Cambridge University Press, 1999). On hudud punishments, including amputation, see Rudolph Peters, Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law (Cambridge University Press, 2005); Frank E. Vogel, Islamic Law and Legal System (Brill, 2000).