Second, it enables prediction of the electrode structure and battery performance directly from the slurry state during the coating process. As the shear rate increased, the internal structure of the slurry changed in a nonlinear way. At low shear rates of around 1.3 s-1, conductive additives remained clustered, leading to poor electrical connectivity. At very high shear rates up to 200 s-1, the conductive network became overly fragmented, reducing performance. Reference“Rheo-impedance spectroscopy for correlating slurry properties with LiFePO4 cathode performance in lithium-ion batteries,” Journal of Power Sources; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.240175.