Who is ultimately responsible for an organization's AI, and who is to blame when it goes wrong? In most organizations, AI risk accountability has not been formally distributed across the functions most likely to encounter it daily. Another, more recent study , "AI-Induced Human Responsibility (AIHR) in AI–human teams," found similar results. This is consistent with another paper that found the mere existence of manual mode leads to more human blame when AI makes mistakes. For instance, an academic study from Boston University suggested that perceived blame and accountability can vary based on whether the AI system is described as a tool or an employee.