“The Meat Institute (formerly the American Meat Institute and North American Meat Association) is the U.S. trade association representing the world’s largest beef packers with operations in the United States. The Meat Institute has been a persistently fierce and formidable opponent of MCOOL for beef since its congressional enactment in 2002. “That the U.S. Department of Agriculture would previously rely on historically biased MCOOL cost studies is unsurprising, given the agency itself vehemently opposed Congress’ 2002 enactment of MCOOL. The Project’s failure to update its outdated cost parameters relegates it unreliable as an information source for decision-makers. “The Meat Institute’s advocacy paper, which is overtly biased and unreliable, is intended to persuade Congress to vote against reinstating MCOOL for beef.