The war in Ukraine, however, is pushing modern warfare into the next gear. For centuries, Japan has relied on U.S. support and pacifist status as a cornerstone of its security. While many European countries expelled Russian spies after the full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Japan expelled only 8 Russian officials. China has transformed itself into a powerhouse, systematically building up its military and receiving intelligence, training and modern technology from Russia, while increasingly viewing Japan as a foe. So now, Japan is turning to Ukraine — a country with one of the biggest areas of expertise in modern warfare — to help rearm itself.