The belief, which air theorists had propagated since the onset of combat planes in World War I, seemed confirmed by the results of World War II. In general, he concludes, “No strategic bombing campaign has ever yielded decisive results, nor were any significant opportunities missed. … The lesson of airpower history is that strategic bombing is a very marginal coercive tool.” The ratio was changed a bit—ground ops were supplementing the air war, not the other way around; but still the ground ops were necessary. Did they fail to brief the president and his inner circle on the inherent limits of air power?