Examining the granular sub-components of these three expenditure pillars reveals distinct structural drivers across the Maltese public sector. The structural trends detailed in the Central Bank of Malta’s analysis carry important implications for public finance management, structural expenditure rigidity, and long-term fiscal sustainability. While nominal GDP growth temporarily contained these items as a percentage of GDP between 2022 and 2025, these non-discretionary commitments create an asymmetrical fiscal risk. Going forward, organic demographic pressures on cash social benefits and public health spending (NACE 86/87) will compound. Without further structural reforms to boost productivity, lengthen labour market participation, or streamline State procurement, health and pension costs could create persistent, structural spending pressures on Malta’s public finances.