Still, together they show that Chinese-origin combat aircraft have moved beyond the realm of speculation and now play a serious role in Indonesia’s military modernization plans. Chinese capital underlies Indonesia’s boom in nickel processing, EV supply chain plans, and its ambitions to become an EV battery powerhouse. Chinese companies currently dominate Indonesia’s nickel-refining capacity, while a CATL-backed project spans mining, processing, EV battery manufacturing, and battery recycling. Some of its allies might be less willing to give Jakarta details of their electronic signature or mission information, or to share their technical or voice communications equipment, if Jakarta acquires Chinese aircraft. Having several suppliers does bring benefits such as bargaining power and less risk should one nation impose sanctions on Indonesia’s Air Force.