The centerpiece of the discussions was the signing of a new Protocol on Economic Resilience and Essential Supplies. The protocol establishes the Australia-Singapore Economic Resilience Dialogue, which is a dedicated mechanism for the two countries to discuss their shared challenges and build practical cooperation. This focus on economic resilience also extends into the signed Industrial Base Resiliency Arrangement (IBRA). This arrangement is designed to improve resilience in defense supply chains in order to strengthen the two countries’ defense industrial cooperation. This further entrenches the close defense relationship between the two countries.