So generalissimo Chiang turned to Du Yuesheng of the infamous Green Gang of Shanghai, a criminal brotherhood rooted in equal parts menace and murk. By nightfall, Green Gang militiamen had slaughtered as many as 5,000 workers and communists in the Shanghai massacre. This is precisely what had happened to the Shanghai Opium Suppression Bureau, and Chiang quickly abolished this agency as a public show of commitment, demonstrating to the Westerners in Shanghai that his government was, unlike the warlords, serious about combating the drug trade. Largely retiring from active management of the Green Gang, Du’s years of overindulgence in his own medicine began to show. Remnants of the Green Gang escaped to Hong Kong and Taiwan, where they attempted to reestablish their heroin operations.