That history changes how Open RAN should be judged. Téral rejected the idea that Open RAN had failed: “No, it did not. Téral characterized today’s market primarily as AI for RAN: applying AI to improve performance, automation and spectral efficiency. All meet Open RAN specificaitons and use a common software architecture and are designed to let operators modernize without imposing a uniform deployment model. Open RAN and Cloud RAN provide the foundation; AI must now prove that it can improve the economics and reliability of production networks.