The U.S. military intercepted the missiles with apparent ease, but the incident has drawn Mr. Trump once again back into fighting. The war, which Mr. Trump has been trying to bring to a diplomatic conclusion since April, is now threatening to grow bigger at the very moment the United States wants to move past it. “The Iranian response is to extend the battlefield much, much wider, so the United States has to defend a broader battlefield.” It condemned the violation by the United States and Saudi Arabia of Iraqi sovereignty and warned the airstrikes could stoke further chaos. The tax provision emerged as the biggest sticking point on the eve of a scheduled Judiciary Committee vote.