Saudi Arabia has as much right as any other country to construct reactors, produce electricity, and train nuclear scientists. What it prohibits is the manufacture or acquisition of nuclear weapons, while requiring nuclear materials to be placed under IAEA safeguards. The NPT is built upon three connected promises: non-nuclear states will not acquire nuclear weapons, they will retain access to peaceful nuclear technology, and the existing nuclear-weapon states will pursue disarmament. Rather than move towards disarmament, the recognised nuclear powers have modernised their arsenals, developed new delivery systems and incorporated nuclear weapons more deeply into their military doctrines. The only principled alternative is a universal one: no nuclear weapons for Israel, Iran, Saudi Arabia or any other state, full and equal IAEA safeguards, implementation of the long-delayed nuclear weapon-free zone in West Asia, and the complete abolition of nuclear arsenals, beginning with those held by the established nuclear powers.