He said it sought to examine whether financial literacy was a cause or a consequence of financial success. What we really wanted to figure out is, is there a really clear relationship between improvement in financial literacy and then better financial outcomes later in life?” He used longitudinal data on Dutch households and connected financial literacy measured in 2011 with financial outcomes in 2019 for 475 individuals. People were asked questions about the conception of inflation, diversification and other basic financial literacy questions. A push from literacy into financial success but it also shows those people that invested in financial literacy in 2011 were still benefiting from that financial literacy 8 years on.”