For more than 25 years, India has reveled in the potential benefits of the high percentage of youth in what is now the 1.45 billion population. Successive governments have failed to rise to this challenge and reform corrupt and ineffective education systems and inadequate skill-learning opportunities. That has turned the dividend into a social liability and created political risk for the government. (The first was in 2019 when protests in north-east India and Delhi led to implementation of controversial citizenship laws being delayed. There have also been various skill development, micro-lending and other schemes along with macro initiatives such as Modi’s “Make in India” and “Startup India.”