Over roughly 50 million autonomous miles, Waymo recorded 1.28 crashes per million miles traveled, compared with 4.06 for human drivers. Autonomous vehicle operators are required to report minor incidents, while human drivers often do not report small fender benders. Waymo vehicles rely on a combination of LiDAR, radar, and cameras to track their surroundings in real time. Despite using sensors that do not depend on visible light, Waymo vehicles had a higher share of crashes in dark conditions than human drivers. Austin was the exception, with a slightly higher crash rate than human drivers during the study period.