In short, recent negotiations have eased short-term trade tensions without changing the institutional foundations of U.S. trade policy toward China. These figures indicate that trade restrictions have evolved beyond case-by-case enforcement into a stable, institutionalized system governing U.S. trade policy toward China. Among U.S. trade remedy instruments, five-year sunset reviews most clearly illustrate the path dependence of U.S. trade policy towards China. As Jennifer Hillman has argued, trade remedies are no longer simply instruments for correcting unfair trade practices; they increasingly serve broader industrial and strategic objectives. The Impact of Persistent U.S. Trade Remedies on Chinese FirmsThe most immediate consequence of persistent U.S. trade remedies has been a substantial increase in compliance costs for Chinese exporters.