This week’s deals with the long-drawn-out national crisis which crystallised that divide and still reverberates to this day: ‘the Dreyfus Affair’. However, Dreyfus was returned to France, tried again by a military court in 1899, and in an astonishing miscarriage of justice, found guilty again and sentenced to ten years. Ranged against them were the Dreyfusards, those upholding the values of the French republic: liberty, equality, fraternity, a secular society, rationalism. In 1904 France broke off diplomatic relations with Rome after the Vatican sanctioned two bishops for declaring themselves republicans and urging conciliation with the French Republic. The ripples from the Dreyfus Affair continue to disturb French society today.