Prior to 1973 health insurance was mostly non-profit. Employment-related medical programs occasionally covered not only work-related injuries but also general medical care for workers, their families, and even the larger community (Somers and Somers, 1961; Munts, 1967; Brandes, 1976). For the most part, physician organizations opposed company-provided medical care as a threat to their autonomy and income. During the early part of this century, this opposition discouraged many companies from expanding their involvement in medical care. As a consequence of these and other concerns, unions often pressed for cash benefits instead of company medical services (Starr, 1982).