The study, led by Dr Brett Glencross, IFFO’s Technical Director, along a team of seven scientists and industry representatives, highlights the need for a more comprehensive and holistic approach to sustainable feed and food production. This review demonstrates that a more comprehensive approach to sustainable feed and food production is possible, particularly through life cycle assessment (LCA) methodologies. LCA data shows that marine ingredients have a lower carbon footprint than many other ingredients and reducing their inclusion increases the carbon footprint of aquafeeds. Currently, more than 40 percent of the raw material used for marine ingredient production comes from fish by-products, which originate from both wild caught fish and aquaculture processing. Growth in aquaculture will result in growth in marine ingredient production from by-products.