President Trump has approved a landmark 30-year civil nuclear cooperation agreement with Saudi Arabia, establishing a legal framework for American firms to build the kingdom’s civilian nuclear infrastructure. Under Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman’s Vision 2030 economic diversification initiative, Saudi Arabia seeks civilian nuclear power to reduce its reliance on fossil fuels for domestic energy generation. Expanding nuclear power will assist in fulfilling rising energy demand driven by desalination, cooling systems, and expanding artificial intelligence data centers. Generating atomic power is expected to free up around 1.4 million barrels of crude oil that the kingdom currently burns each day for electricity, preserving those natural resources for international export. Unlike the 2009 “gold standard” agreement signed with the United Arab Emirates, this agreement does not explicitly require Saudi Arabia to forgo domestic enrichment or spent fuel reprocessing.