Notably, the initiative has survived the most turbulent political transition in South Korea’s recent history. Africa still accounts for a mere 1 to 2 percent of South Korea’s trade and investment, a shortfall acknowledged openly at the 2024 summit itself. Judged by communiqués alone, it remains an open question whether South Korea’s engagement with Africa amounts to anything more than resource diplomacy in the language of development. The project may look small compared to South Korea’s pledged $10 billion in funding. South Korea’s own ODA architecture is in flux: civil society partnership schemes are being restructured, and multi-year projects can see their planned scope narrowed midstream.