For muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), adjuvant nivolumab following neoadjuvant chemotherapy and surgery appears to be the most effective treatment approach, according to a network meta-analysis published in Urologic Oncology. They compared the efficacy and safety of various MIBC neoadjuvant and adjuvant systemic therapies, with or without radiation therapy, to radical cystectomy alone. If OS data were not available, disease-free survival (DFS) or progression-free survival (PFS), or recurrence-free survival (RFS) was used. Compared with surgery alone, most treatment approaches appeared to show no clear survival benefit. Additionally, the researchers found adjuvant nivolumab to be superior to neoadjuvant chemotherapy alone, surgery alone, or adjuvant chemotherapy alone.