The Royal Society, London—Our closest extinct human species cousins the Neanderthals are, outside of our own species (Homo sapiens), the most studied human species. Now, a recent study has shed additional light on Neanderthal facial morphology — the structure and form of the face, internal and external — based on an examination and interpretation of the teeth and nasal cavities —by using computer simulations. “We further find that Neanderthals could move considerably more air through the nasal pathway than could H. heidelbergensis or modern humans”*, wrote Wroe, et al., in the study report. The latter findings are consistent with previous hypotheses that Neanderthal facial morphology evolved to reflect improved capacities to better condition cold, dry air, and to move greater air volumes in response to higher energetic requirements. ______________________________________________________________________________* Wroe S. et al., 2018, Computer simulations show that Neanderthal facial morphology represents adaptation to cold and high energy demands, but not heavy biting.