The country’s distinct model of dairying – which is dominated by smallholder farmers with low productivity – means milk production in India is highly carbon-intensive. Low productivity means more animals are needed to meet demand, which increases total GHG emissions from enteric fermentation, manure management, and feed production. In the long run, investing in education - beyond information-sharing - will be crucial to fostering a more efficient dairy production system. While smallholder farmers are vital to India’s ag economy, they remain extremely economically fragile. Cornell’s bovine feed libraryOne notable project that can help improve India’s smallholder dairy sustainability is led by the US Cornell University.