Pakistani authorities are monitoring more than 4 million citizens using advanced digital tools purchased from foreign private companies, such as China’s Geedge Network, according to a recent report by Amnesty International. At the core of Pakistan’s surveillance operation are two powerful systems. ALSO READ: YouTuber Wasim Akram arrested for allegedly spying for ISI, Pak High CommissionThe methods may have changed, but Pakistan actually began surveilling its citizens decades ago. In the 1990s, such activities resulted in the rise and fall of governments, and Pakistan’s surveillance has continued to grow over time, according to a report in The Diplomat by Osama Ahmad. Pakistani authorities defend their breach of the digital rights of citizens, citing security concerns or moral issues.