These harms are indeed serious and require clear governance standards for the responsible deployment of digital identity, strong provisions to protect consumer rights, and mechanisms to redress violations. Box 1: How the US government verifies digital identities The National Institute of Standards and Technology developed the Identity Assurance Level (IAL) framework as part of its Digital Identity Guidelines to establish standardized requirements for verifying digital identities across federal agencies. The next section of this paper puts these assessments in context with the developments in the EU and Japan on digital identity. Part 2: Existing digital IDs in Japan and the EUJapan launched its digital identity platform, the My Number Card (MINC), in 2016. The Digital Agency, established in 2021, also oversees the implementation and regulation of digital transformation initiatives, including digital ID systems.