emanating from their territories.” He therefore claimed that this was a use of military force in self-defense. A non-international armed conflict involves one or more non-state armed groups and may additionally involve state forces. If Venezuela had effective control over the TDA’s actions, then the United States and Venezuela could be in an international armed conflict. So it also appears highly unlikely that the conditions for an international armed conflict are present. In the context of an international armed conflict, military operations would be lawful so long as they complied with IHL.