On 16 August 2025, Libya held municipal elections in twenty-six municipalities, with turnout reaching 71 per cent—the highest rate since 2014. Libya’s stalled transition has not happened by chance; it has been deliberately engineered into paralysis by both domestic spoilers and foreign powers. Yet domestic spoilers persist not only on their own but also with the belief that powerful foreign patrons will shield them from consequences. The UN’s roadmap: Process without consequenceThe UN continues to develop roadmaps, most recently outlined by SRSG Hanna Tetteh in her August 2025 Security Council briefing. The Security Council reviewed a new UN roadmap for Libya, centred on elections, unity, and dialogue.