Most significantly, this study identifies over 20 fact-checked reports on anti-immigrant disinformation targeting the Rohingya that have circulated widely on Indian social media and even in some news outlets. These false narratives typically frame Rohingya refugees as criminals, terrorists, or a demographic “threat” — often using doctored images or videos, misleading captions, and outright fabrication. For instance, a video of a Rohingya refugee camp fire in Bangladesh (March 2021) was circulated as evidence of the Tripura riots. Crucially, Rohingya refugees themselves have virtually no voice in this discourse. UN observers emphasize the need for stronger “guardrails and safety policies” on social media to protect displaced people.