SYDNEY, Australia – States have a responsibility to inform citizens, including commercial spacecraft operators, of cyber threats, Diane Howard, former commercial space policy director for the White House National Space Council, said at the International Astronautical Congress here. Early in the conflict, hackers targeted commercial satellite infrastructure including Viasat’s KA-SAT network and SpaceX Starlink communications satellites. Since 2022, the United States military and the armed forces of many nations have grown increasingly reliant on commercial Earth observation and communications satellites, which exposes satellite operators to the threat of becoming military targets. Companies involved in CASR gain access to high-quality threat information. U.S. government agencies also share information with members of the Space Information Sharing and Analysis Center, a public-private partnership, and the National Security Agency’s Cybersecurity Center shares threat intelligence with defense contractors.