Jonathan, a young Israeli who spent over a year fighting in Gaza, first as an enlisted soldier and then as a reservist, says he feels stung by a double sense of betrayal. Firstly, that his ultra-Orthodox fellow citizens are largely exempt from military service required of all Jewish Israelis once they turn 18. Amid the mounting costs of war in Gaza, moves to codify the exemption have fanned resentments. In June 2023, shortly before the war, the last draft exemption law for Haredi military service expired. But in the last draft year, in which 24,000 draft notices were sent to Haredim, only some 400 actually enlisted, according to army data.