This is particularly crucial given the role of rare and critical minerals in modern technology, clean energy systems, and defense industries. This shock accelerated New Delhi’s push to diversify its supply of rare and critical minerals, both through domestic measures and international agreements. Encouraging investment in minerals:In July 2023, the Ministry of Mines released the country’s first list of 30 strategic critical minerals. On August 19, 2025, Parliament passed further amendments encouraging private investment in critical mineral mining, while restricting investment in non-critical minerals. Launching investment hubs for critical minerals:In January 2025, India launched the National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM) to reduce reliance on imports.