However, the conventional approach has often aggregated data from both sexes without thoroughly exploring sex-specific genetic effects. For instance, pharmacogenetic strategies could be refined by incorporating sex-specific genetic risk profiles, enhancing therapeutic efficacy and minimizing adverse effects. The observed genetic concordance and divergence patterns may reflect evolutionary pressures shaping the genetic landscape differently in males and females. Expanding the framework to more heterogeneous cohorts will be critical in achieving a truly comprehensive understanding of sex-specific genetic architecture. Subject of Research: Sex-specific genetic architecture of complex traits analyzed via genome-wide association studies (GWAS).