The historiography of Kurdish statelessness debates whether responsibility lies primarily with regional actors such as Turks, Arabs, and Persians, or with the imperial designs of Britain and France. This raises the question: were the Arabs, Turks, and Persians guilty of dividing Kurdistan or imperial powers? The Dominant Role of External PowersWhile Turks, Arabs, and Persians were undoubtedly complicit, the decisive factor was the intervention of European powers. In this sense, the Arabs, Turks, and Persians were complicit—though to differing degrees—in the fragmentation and denial of a Kurdish homeland. Therefore, while Arabs, Turks, and Persians share responsibility in maintaining the division of Kurdistan, the original partition was largely imposed by external powers who exploited local actors to secure their own strategic aims.