South Africa can only break out of its cycle of stagnation and poverty if it achieves sustained growth of 4% to 5% a year. He stressed that these are the three things that need to be addressed to turn the tide for South Africa’s economy. Load shedding, high electricity prices, and Eskom’s financial troubles have left South Africa increasingly uncompetitive. Sarupen stressed that energy reform could add 1% to GDP, logistics another 2%, and fixing municipalities would unlock even more. Without such reforms, South Africa faces another decade of stagnation, rising poverty, and worsening instability.