“Predictable IP rights are not merely legal protections but essential economic infrastructure.”When functioning properly, intellectual property (IP) rights enable ideas to become legally recognized assets, which can then be collateralized or licensed to attract financing, thereby fueling investment, job creation and economic expansion. My remarks focused on the central role of predictable IP rights in transforming innovation into economic output. Two mechanisms are particularly important:Credible Damages Assessments – Reliable damages methodologies anchor price expectations and allow patent holders to demonstrate the economic value of their IP portfolios. The Long and Winding Innovation ProcessThe innovation process is inherently lengthy and uncertain—a “long and winding road,” to borrow from the Beatles. In this context, predictable IP rights are not merely legal protections but essential economic infrastructure.