In China’s state-run media, one common technique is to place the phrase so-called, in English, or 所谓, in Chinese, before the idea to be discredited. …Overall, sarcastic uses of so-called tend to precede ideas, claims, or criticism that the Chinese state finds objectionable. It was rooted in communist ideology and blamed the war on a militaristic international bourgeois elite who tricked the Japanese people into a war against China. …[Today’s] narrative portrays the Japanese nation as inherently aggressive, placing blame for the war with the Japanese people. A video of a prominent Chinese archer spitting on and shooting an arrow through a Japanese flag.