South Korea study published in Biomarker Research of 8.4 million adults finds higher risks of overall, lung, prostate, thyroid, gastric, colorectal, and breast cancers — across both mRNA and viral-vector platformsIncreased risk for major cancers—such as lung, liver, colorectal, gastric, pancreatic, and breast—typically worsens national life expectancy by elevating age-specific and overall mortality rates. If untreated or not reversed by early detection and advances in therapy, estimate that each 10% jump in multi-cancer risk could shave 0.3–0.7 years from national life expectancy over a decade. The study finds a 27% increase in overall multi-cancer risk. This would mean about 0.8 to 2.0 years of life expectancy reduction. Critics of the study say that there is observation and association but not causation proof.