Meta and TikTok had challenged the Commission's calculation, arguing the formula unfairly shifted costs to profitable companies while loss-making platforms with large user bases escaped payment. The court sided with the companies, though it did not order reimbursement of the 2023 fees. The case marks the first significant loss for Brussels in defending the DSA, which came into force in late 2022. Other companies subject to the supervisory fee include Amazon, Apple, Google, Microsoft, Booking.com, Snap, Pinterest and Elon Musk's X. Regulators say the levy reflects a "polluter pays" principle, ensuring the largest platforms bear the costs of oversight.