Schools rely on internal and board examinations that assess content recall rather than generate diagnostic evidence necessary to identify learning gaps, and a complementary initiative to this could be the introduction of a “PISA-like assessment” at the end of grade 10, the Economic Survey states. PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment) tests 15-year-olds across countries in reading, maths and science, to assess the school systems in these countries. It doesn’t measure rote learning, but assesses application of knowledge and skills. India has participated only once in the PISA test – in 2009, when it ranked 72nd out of 73 countries. It is conducted every three years by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).