To what extent does the scale up of our PHWR capacity now potentially offer an opportunity for faster transition to thorium-based nuclear power generation in India? Transitioning to thorium based nuclear power generation in India is critical to our securing energy independence. This scale-up is clearly an opportunity to start producing fissile U233 at scale in PHWRs and enable a faster transition to thorium-based nuclear power generation in India. Nuclear fuel breeding would be necessary to meet our emerging energy needs, at least till fusion energy arrives on the scene. Further we should prioritise our development effort for futuristic technologies needed for our country (metal fuel reactors, molten salt reactors, high temperature reactors, thorium fuel cycles etc.